What are Various types of AI?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be categorized in several ways, but one of the most common is based on its capabilities. Here are the main types:

Reactive Machines AI: These are the simplest forms of AI systems which are purely reactive and have the ability neither to form memories nor to use past experiences to inform current decisions. A good example of this type of AI is IBM's Deep Blue, a chess-playing AI.

Limited Memory AI: These AI systems can use past experiences to inform future actions. This type of AI has a short-lived or temporary memory used to store past experiences and hence learn from them. Many present-day applications such as self-driving cars belong to this category, as they must observe the actions of vehicles around them and use these observations to inform their own actions.

Theory of Mind AI: This level of AI involves systems that have a deeper understanding of entities they are interacting with. They understand that entities have thoughts and emotions that affect their own behavior. As of my knowledge cut-off in September 2021, this kind of AI doesn't exist yet, but it is a target for future AI development.

Self-aware AI: This is the highest level of AI that currently exists only hypothetically. Self-aware AI would understand its own state, be able to predict the feelings of others, and make abstractions and inferences. In essence, this type of AI will not only be able to understand and evoke emotions in those it interacts with, but also have emotions, needs, beliefs, and potentially desires of its own.

AI can also be categorized based on whether the system can improve over time in response to feedback. This leads us to the concept of Machine Learning (ML), which is a subset of AI. ML systems are designed to learn and improve from experience, without being explicitly programmed. Deep Learning (DL) is a further subset of ML, using artificial neural networks to model and understand complex patterns in datasets.

Finally, AI can be classified based on its ability to perform general or specific tasks:

Narrow AI: This is a type of AI that is designed to perform a narrow task, like voice commands in your car or recommending a product on a shopping website. It operates under a limited set of constraints and is very good at the specific tasks it's designed for. Most current AI systems, like image recognition software or voice assistants, are considered narrow AI.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Sometimes referred to as strong AI, AGI is a type of AI that has the ability to understand, learn, adapt, and implement knowledge in a range of tasks at the level of a human being. It's capable of understanding context, making judgments, and applying knowledge to different domains.

Artificial Superintelligence (ASI): This refers to a type of AI that is not just at human levels of capability, but far beyond it, across a wide range of fields such as scientific creativity, general wisdom, and social skills. It's a hypothetical concept and subject of many discussions about the future of AI technology.